We provide new estimates of the evolution of productivity in England from 1250 to 1870.
Real wages over this period were heavily influenced by plague-induced swings in the population. We develop and implement a new methodology for estimating productivity that accounts for these Malthusian dynamics. In the early part of our sample, we find that productivity growth was zero. Productivity growth began in 1600—almost a century before the Glorious
Revolution. We estimate productivity growth of 3% per decade between 1600 and 1760, which
increased to 6% per decade between 1770 and 1860. Our estimates attribute much of the increase in output growth during the Industrial Revolution to a falling land share of production, rather than to faster productivity growth. Our evidence helps distinguish between theories
of why growth began. In particular, our findings support the idea that broad-based economic
change preceded the bourgeois institutional reforms of 17th-century England and may have contributed to causing them. We estimate relatively weak Malthusian population forces on real wages. This implies that our model can generate sustained deviations from the “iron law of wages” prior to the Industrial Revolution.